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Projects at the Clarke: Quilt Preservation and Documentation project

3/29/2019

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This week, We'll go behind the scenes at the Clarke to check out an ongoing project to preserve the quilt collection with the help of the Redwood Empire Quilter's Guild.

“A museum has to renew its collection to be alive, but that does not mean we give on important old works.” -David Rockefeller

Every two years, the Clarke hosts a quilt exhibit that coincides with the Redwood Empire Quilter’s Guild biennial quilt show, which is hosted at Redwood Acres Fairgrounds in Eureka. The Clarke has had a long relationship with the Quilter’s Guild, who host a fund at the Humboldt Area Foundation and have helped to fund a number of projects to support our quilt collection, including money for a custom case for the historic Grant Quilt and storage racks for our quilts while they’re not on display. In 2018, we applied for and received a grant from the Guild to replace the archival tissue paper that the quilts are stored in. The tissue is replaced every 5 years to prevent damage to the quilts through acid accumulation. As the quilts naturally break down (as all things eventually do), they give off acids that, if concentrated, will accelerate damage to the quilt. Replacing the paper slows that accumulation of acids and helps preserve the quilt. With the grant, we also received money to bring in an intern to help with the project, which has been incredibly helpful and has helped make the process much more efficient and safer for the quilts.
This project has been a lot of fun to work on and has given us the chance to review the quilt collection, update records, and think more about the information contained within the collection. In the process, we’ve found incredible quilts ranging in size, pattern, color, age, and more. Quilts are artifacts that are both utilitarian and, in a trend that began in 1970s, seen as pieces of art, and it’s not unusual to hear of people investing considerable emotional and physical energy into making them. In years past, before the mass production of fabrics and improved transportation, fabric was expensive and people did all they could to save and reuse fabrics, which turned the quilts into not only usable items but repositories of memory as you could look at the quilt fabrics and recall that this came from your mother’s dress or that came from your uncle’s suit. The quilts in the collection were prized possessions that were used, repaired and used again to keep generations of Humboldt County residents warm.
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​With the upcoming quilt exhibit, I’ve been thinking about how the Clarke quilts relate to the general Humboldt County community. Some of them were rather large quilts, up to 80-90 inches long and sewn by hand, and some of these particularly large quilts were made to raise money. It was an undertaking that was sped up (and was much more fun) when friends were involved and could help out with the process. Women could find support for their creative endeavors, appreciation for the hard work they did, and a space to share experiences, stories, emotions, and perspectives outside of the male gaze and social structure. There is also a story which made the local newspaper of how Susie Baker, a woman from Blue Lake and the author of the Susie Baker Fountain Papers housed at HSU, invited a group of friends over for “the ostensible purpose of tying a quilt intended, so it was said, for a church sale.” in 1915. When the group arrived for the dinner party that went with the quilt tying festivities, they found envelopes with the announcement that she was engaged to a Mr. Eugene Fountain of Arcata, which turned the social event into a celebration of a new phase in Susie’s life. While the quilt tying is only passingly mentioned here, it served as a conduit for collaboration, as the women came together to work on the quilt which would benefit another community they shared, their local church.
We have quilts from other communities, such as an unfinished crazy quilt top that was started to eventually be auctioned off to raise money for a local fraternal organization, but for some reason was never finished, and a quilt featuring embroidered signatures of community members from Blue Lake, Eureka, Garberville, Berkeley, Korbel, Arcata, and more that was thought to have been auctioned off to raise money for the establishment of a new Order of the Good Templars group in Blue Lake. More often than not, the makers of these quilts are unknown or unnamed. It’s a mystery, but you can still learn a lot about the women who made the quilts, and the period that the quilts were made in, even if you don’t know their names or their stories.
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Blue Lake Signature Quilt
Be sure to come by and check out Sewing Circles when it opens in July!
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Ongoing Projects at the Clarke: Building Restoration

3/27/2019

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We oftentimes say that our building is our number 1 artifact: it's on the National Register for its unique style, it protects our collections, and serves as a great landmark in the heart of old town. Over the last few months, we've been working to restore the interior of our building, starting with the clock in the center of the building. Lisa Jarrow completed the first phase a few months ago. 
This last week, Lisa Jarrow came by to continue working on the restoration of the clock wall- to great results! Here's a few progress shots, and a photo of the completed section.
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The "Before" shot
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The home stretch!
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The Rise (and Fall) of the Eureka Streetcar System

3/24/2019

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“The day of the trolley car seems definitely out, just like the horse and buggy, the high boy bicycle, bareback riders and what have you… When the trolley came into being we thought we had arrived at the ultra in street car travel.”
​-Susie Baker Fountain Papers V 81, pg 192, dated Sept 10 1943

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Early Eureka was a small place, locked into its location by the bay on one side and a dense forest on the other. People could walk or ride their horses wherever they had to go. But as the town began to grow in population and physical size with the logging of the neighboring forest and the construction of levees on the bay, a new alternative had to be found for those traveling to the city center from further and further away.  
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The first streetcars to move through Eureka were horse drawn ones in 1888. The line ran from H Street from fifth out to J Street and was said to be a very popular line. It was operated by an elderly man named Collins. An editorial reminiscing about the line stated the Collins would irritate passengers in the wintertime with "the odor from [his] lunch, particularly the coffee in the thermos bottle… Mr. Collins paid no attention.” In 1894, a street line was built from 5th street along E street out to the city limits, which at the time was Trinity Street. The streetcar company, named the Eureka Street Railroad Company, came upon tough financial times and on March 30 1897, the horses and rail cars were sold to people in Eureka. However, the need for public transportation was still needed as the area continued to grow. The rights to operate a streetcar line were auctioned off to the highest bidder, who happened to be George Henderson of Oakland.  
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In 1903, George Henderson was the Vice President of the newly formed Humboldt Transit Company and announced that three electric trolley cars would be arriving in Eureka to whisk the townspeople into a new era of travel. They were described as attractive cars with glass windows on the sides and no windows on the front and back of the cars, allowing the flow of fresh air through the cars, which could seat 50 and supposedly hold a maximum 150 people. The electric streetcar line began operating September 16, 1903 with only slight difficulty- two cars jumped the tracks on the first day at California and Summer streets. Regardless on that first day of operation, 3000 people rode the trolley cars (our of a population of 11,000). Talks began almost immediately about adding a line out to Arcata.
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Map from the Summer 2009 Humboldt Historian article "Song of the Streetcars" by Naida Olsen Gipsen
Henderson’s concern was to continue expanding the trolley lines in Eureka, a concern supported to a great degree by lumber companies in the area, who had built their mills on the far sides of town and needed to be sure that workers would be able to get to the mills for work each day. Within a month, the streetcar line on California was extended from Wabash to Harris Street. Within a year, the E Street line was extended to go from 2nd street to Harris Street. The street lines also ran from Bucksport to Harrison Avenue and from California and Harris out to E Street and from Harris to Sequoia park with a spur on J Street. There were plans to build a streetcar line connecting Arcata and Eureka along the Old Arcata Road (a route that had been surveyed by J. N. Lentell of Lentell Map fame), however this route was shot down by the Eureka City Council in fear that the streetcar would interfere with already operating passenger service on the California and Northern Railroad along the Bay. There were also talks about having a line from Eureka to Ferndale.
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Tickets from the Eureka Street Rail Road Co and Humboldt Transport Co., courtesy of the Humboldt County Historical Society
The streetcars operated without issues for a few decades, however, issues did arise. A girl was standing on the tracks one dark and stormy night and was hit north of Harris on E Street. She happened to be the daughter of the superintendent of Jetty Repair, Mr. Powers. He sued the company and won, however the case was appealed and settled out of court. A popular Halloween prank was to grease the tracks and wait for an unsuspecting trolley car. One year, cars went across greased tracks at Harris and Bucksport and the cars jumped the tracks and ended up “many feet beyond the end of the line”. There are also a few quotes about “the arrest and trial of a “youngster who put rocks on the track”, however we haven’t been able to find out the outcome of this case.
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Eventually, when the streetcar company faced financial difficulty. That difficulty may be related to the fact that Henderson was sued by his ex-wife Bereba Henderson for the money he used to promote the streetcar line and other railroad interests, which totaled about $6,000. Other sources say that the transportation company also operated an oil business, which was profitable enough to cover shortfalls with the trolley system until the company lost its oil contract and had to recoup losses by reducing trolley car crew sizes to one man operated cars, however it wasn’t enough. The City of Eureka took over managing the cars until a bus system was created and the streetcars took their last ride on February 20, 1940.  
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The Manning Transportation Company had bid for the franchise to run a bus system for the city and won. The new bus system, Eureka City Lines, opened on February 23 to much fanfare, summarized by local newspaperman Will Speegle: “Seldom, if ever, have there been so many people on Eureka’s streets at any celebration time. The features of the parade were a mule-drawn, old -time car and three of the electric cars that have been discarded. The climax of the celebration was the igniting of one of the old streetcars [streetcar number 18] as it stood on the Fifth Street track in front of the White House. In a few minutes the old car was a seething mass of flames and the nearby portion of the street on either side was like an oven, scorching some of the buildings. A fire alarm was sounded, and a fire pumper arrived and soon had the flames under control” There are a number of photos of this event, with crowds watching the spectacular end of the streetcar system. Looking closer, one can see that there is a live band, including a few tubas and a trombone and people filling the streets, some people are even watching from nearby rooftops.
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Look at that crowd!

Thanks to Clarke Board Member and HSU Special Collections Librarian Carly Marino for sending over scans of the Susie Baker Fountain Papers for this article. The Susie Baker Fountain Papers are publicly accessible through the Humboldt State University Special Collections. You can learn more about this spectacular collection here.
Thanks also to Morgan Harvey at the Humboldt County Historical Society for sending over the incredibly thorough and helpful Humboldt Historian article named "Streetcar System began with horse-drawn cars" by Lynwood Carranco and scans of tickets 
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From Boom to Bust... And Back: Putting Down Roots

3/17/2019

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While miners in the mid 1800s get the spotlight for spurring settlement in many different regions in California, farmers putting down roots kept some of those settlements in place and established many others.
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From 1850-1880, agriculture was the primary employer in the Humboldt County region, and starting in the 1870s, a significant portion of those working in the industry were European immigrants. Danes and Italian-Swiss emigrated to Humboldt County to work in the dairy industry, which had been a strong industry in their home countries. The immigration trend continued into the 20th century as people from Norway, Portugal, Finland, and Italy came to work in the various industries in the county.
​Settlers to Humboldt County brought their own crops with them to the area, searching for the ‘golden crop’- one that would grow exceptionally well and could be sold for a good profit. That first crop happened to be potatoes. In 1874/1875, farmers raised and exported almost 50 million pounds of potatoes, making the crop a defining part of early Humboldt industry. However, it was not meant to last. The year following the 50 million pounds crop, production dropped by a third as as blight hit Humboldt County. That same year, potatoes from Sacramento flooded the San Francisco market and out-competed Humboldt potatoes due to the shorter shipping distance, reducing Humboldt’s potato exports by over 90% from two years prior. Farmers began to diversify into products like oats and beets in the 1880s. There was a point in time when there was a potential for high beet production to attract outside investment to establish a beet sugar processing plant, the beets produced in Humboldt County did not produce enough sugar to make the plan viable and the beet market busted, ending the dream of a beet sugar processing plant. Oats tended to fare better than other products like wheat, which didn’t do well in the foggy conditions.
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As part of a common trend across the west, cattle and pigs were staples in livestock production, as they could be used both locally and shipped to other parts of the state. Cattle were released into the countryside to graze until ready for market, and each animal was branded with a brand unique to the rancher who owned the livestock. These brands were registered to reduce the likelihood of conflict between ranchers whose cattle may have gotten mixed up with another herd or stolen. Like the miners, farmers, and commercial interests, ranchers were looking for their ‘gold mine’. In the late 1860s and 1870s, they had found it: wool from sheep.  
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Sheep fared incredibly well on the local landscapes and could be sheared yearly without depleting the herd, unlike the yearly butchering of cattle for meat. Wool was lightweight in comparison to products like potatoes, meaning that shipping and transportation would be less expensive. Cool temperatures led to richer wool production, fetching higher prices at market. While the sheep ranchers were initially faced with opposition from cattlemen as sheep negatively impact cattle pastures, the cattlemen followed the money and many became sheep ranchers themselves. At one point, wool production reached about 500,000 pounds a year, with a third of the land in the county being dedicated to raising sheep. This wool was processed by the Eureka Woolen mill, which operated in Eureka from 1890 until 1966, when cheaper synthetic fabrics were being imported to the US. Remnants of the wool industry can be found in places like Redwood National and State Parks, which contains Lyon’s Ranch, a 5,660 acre sheep ranch which produced internationally recognized wool and was in operation for three generations before it was abandoned in 1850, added into the National Park in the 1970s, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
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Dairy also picked up in production, however the main dairy product sold was butter as exporting milk from rural Humboldt to larger market in San Francisco was impossible. Butter served to replace potatoes as a main export and, unlike potatoes, is still a major export today.
Next time, we’ll be looking closer at the out last major group of industries: mercantile, trade, and transportation!
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Artifact Spotlight: Cigar Silks

3/10/2019

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​Working in the archives is part treasure hunt, as we search through boxes for items for exhibits, blog posts, and places to put new donations. I find that it’s a lot of fun, partially because you sometimes don’t know what you’re going to find while you’re looking for something else. A few days ago, we came across a unique and fascinating find in the collections: a dress.  
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We have almost 500 dresses in the Clarke Collections ranging in colors, time periods, shapes, sizes and uses. Some are handmade, others are machine made, some are two pieces like Victorian dresses, others come in one piece. This dress was in two pieces, a bodice and a skirt, with internal boning that clasped at the front. It was probably for a woman who was about 5 feet 3 inches tall, which was a relatively common height at the time. The neckline was made up on long strips of silk that flowed loosely and long strips of silk ran down the full length of the skirt. The silk was not any regular kind of silk though, but cigar ribbons, which had been sewn in layers onto a tan colored slip.
Cigar silks were ribbons that were used to bundle cigars together during processing. Smoking cigars was a popular past time during the Victorian period, and women would oftentimes collect the silk ribbons for their sewing, creating beautiful quilts from rows and rows of the silks. Cigarettes came with coupons that could be redeemed for silk pieces as well, known as cigarette premiums, which included the brand name and, oftentimes a beautiful lady or some other popular design like flowers. Collecting premiums was happening around the same time as a rise in popularity of the Crazy Quilt, which had women searching for scraps of pretty fabrics to add to their ever-growing patchwork quilts. These silks were oftentimes incorporated into other quilts, or became quilts in themselves.
This dress, however, was an unusual find. We don’t have any information on who donated it to the museum, who wore it, or why it was made. We haven’t been able to find much in terms of other dresses like this being made. Was it made to show off a silk collection like the quilts were? Or to advertise cigars sold locally maybe, in a way similar to this photo of a model for Wells Drugs decked out in a variety of items sold at the store? We may never know.
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From Boom to Bust... And Back: Miners, Drillers, Fishers

3/3/2019

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Welcome to part 2 of our blog series on early industries of Humboldt County! This week, we'll be taking a closer look at the earliest industries in the county-natural resource extraction. These are the industries that initially brought settlers to the region.
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In 1849, shouts of “Eureka!” could be heard along streams and in mines across California. Gold was discovered in the Trinities by adventurous land-travelers a year earlier and it would only be about a year after the Josiah Gregg expedition landed in Humboldt Bay in 1849 until a small town on the bay would take “Eureka” as its namesake.  
A town sprung up alongside the bay, serving as a landing point for newcomers arriving by ship. Eureka wasn’t alone, however: Bucksport and Arcata (then called Union or Union Town) established themselves as landing points where miners could stock up and head north to the Trinities to strike it rich- at least that was their plan.
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At these landing points, port towns like early Eureka, the waterfront developed in a wildly colorful locale, stocked to the brim with saloons, supply stores, docks, and gambling halls. These port towns supplied newcoming miners with everything they needed (and didn’t need) at a high cost. Once they were stocked, the miners could start the journey to the goldfields located along the Trinity and Klamath Rivers. Some eager miners also tried to pull gold flakes from beach sand en masse, most notably Gold Bluffs Beach in the present day Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. Those efforts failed- but the name stuck.
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Early mining consisted of gold panning, the stereotypical miner crouched by a river running sand through water in a pan to pick out the gold within. After the easily accessible gold was mostly harvested, hydraulic mining took over, employing formerly solo miners into mining companies, which could afford the expensive equipment required. The process of hydraulic mining, created during the Gold Rush in California, consisted of shooting large quantities of highly pressurized water at hillsides, releasing gravel which was then sifted through to find the gold within. The process led to high levels of gold being harvested as more gravel was processed by fewer people, but the process also led to the demolition of whole hills, an increase in rivers filling with sediment causing flooding, changes in river courses, and irreparable landscape damage. On the Klamath River, the flooding of sediment impacted the river’s legendary salmon runs as well.
Mining was carried out by people from around the world who worked, oftentimes uneasily, side by side. Chinese miners were employed in the lowest paid, most menial jobs, becoming an integral part of the mining history across California and in Humboldt County. While they were detested by a large majority of other workers, they worked hard, rarely were sick (due to boiling their water for tea and rice and rarely drinking alcohol), and followed directions. They were employed digging water ditches in mining centers like Trinity Center, where 200-500 Chinese were employed at Coffee Creek Ditch.  
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Early settlers to the area did log the area immediately adjacent to Humboldt Bay in order to build their homes, however, early logging efforts focused on smaller trees, as tools brought from the East were built to handle smaller trees. Tanoak was popular in many areas, with the bark used to tan livestock hides. Bundles of this bark were stacked onto carts and carried by wagon trains along early roads in Humboldt county to port towns for export. Logging tools that traveled to Humboldt county with immigrants and merchants were not designed for the redwood trees of unusual size in Humboldt County- in the occasion that a large tree or stump had to be removed, loggers would drill holes into the tree, pack it with dynamite, and blow up the tree. It was a matter of time until advancements were made to capitalize on the giant trees and endless forests. Innovations, management expertise, and luck under the guidance of John Dolbeer, William Carson, and other enterprising men led to the construction of mills around Humboldt Bay. New inventions and technologies invented in Humboldt County like the double band saw, Steam Donkey, and Bull Donkey revolutionized the logging industry on the whole and allowed logging companies to speed up all parts of logging and milling, leading to more trees processed at lower costs. Logging companies forayed into the shipbuilding industry as well, to reduce their shipping costs by operating their own ships built from their own timber. With the addition of railroads locally and railroads later connecting Humboldt County to markets in San Francisco, the local and international markets boomed with redwood.
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One often overlooked and short lived industry was oil drilling. Oil in Humboldt County was found as early as 1857 but was overshadowed by the rush to the gold mines, which offered the tantalizing chance of making a lot of money with low overhead. It wasn’t until the 1860s that oil was becoming nationally valuable, warranting locals to begin investigating the possibility of drilling for oil in the area.
The story goes that Petrolia, as the area was now known, had oil that was such high quality, it needed little to no refining, making it a potential goldmine for drillers. It wouldn’t be a quick, cheap, or easy process though. Oil drilling requires a large investment in capital to purchase supplies and construct the infrastructure needed to drill. Humboldt County may have been rich in resources, but not money-or wealthy investors. Access to coastal, southern Humboldt County was difficult at best and impossible at worst, making it nearly impossible for the industrial supplies needed to construct and maintain the oil drills to get to Humboldt County. Transporting the oil out of rural southern Humboldt was also a challenge. Certain ships could get to the area, but as the steamship became a more popular mode of transportation, many companies refused to ship oil due to its flammability. 
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A backup option was to attach barrels of oil to the sides of mules and send them on overland routes, but it was costly, inefficient, and dangerous. Drilling season was also limited due to rainfall flooding the oil wells. Other regions that drilled for oil were able to out-compete Humboldt County oil, bringing the short-lived oil industry in Humboldt County to an end in 1866. Later attempts were made to revive the industry, but none succeeded due to similar issues, namely cost and transportation.
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Fishing became a popular industry as settlers established claims and began building their lives along the rivers of Humboldt County. In the first commercial fishing season on the Eel River in 1853, 250,000 pounds of salmon were harvested. There were no limits on take, so people strung nets across the river and hitched horses to the nets to harvest incredible amounts of fish. Companies formed to package and process the fish, which was transported around the country. Whaling was of interest around the Humboldt Bay area, with records showing the Captain H.H. Buhne owned a whaling ship and would go whaling on occasion. Whaling, however, would peak in popularity in the 1920s and 1930s.  
The natural abundance of the region that became Humboldt County attracted early settlers to the region, tying the early history of the county to the larger history of California and the West as a whole. The towns themselves boomed and busted with the economies, but people began to settle in, starting their families and settling into industries like agriculture, which included farming and raising livestock. We’ll look more into these industries in our next post!
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Clarke Historical Museum
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​Eureka, California 95501
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